Kirkpatrick’s four-level model for evaluating training programs: the weak links in a "chain of evidence"

the weak links in a "chain of evidence"

Abstract

The paper examines from an historical and critical perspective the "four-level model" developed by Donald Kirkpatrick, a very popular and widely used framework within the field of training programs evaluation. By reviewing the author’s contributions in connection with the scientific debate on the model, an overview of the main critical areas related to its assumptions and use is outlined, focusing the analysis on some controversial issues such as those concerning the relationships between levels and the learning transfer process. Finally, with reference to the problems discussed, some conclusive reflections are proposed on implications that can be drawn in terms of developments in the field of training evaluation research and practice.